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400/430 years and 4th generation from Promise to Abram

Biblical chronology is a fascinating and frustrating field of study.  One major problem is dependence upon Egyptian and Assyrian "anchors" of synchronism.  Another problem is the minimalist movement of Near East archaeology which began in the 1970's.  The following information is from my book, "Pharaohs of the Bible: 4004 - 960 B.C."

YHWH's Initial Promise of the land of Canaan to Abram's Seed

"1 Now the LORD had said to Abram, Get you out of your country, and from your kindred, and from your father's house, to a land that I will show you: 2 And I will make of you a great nation, and I will bless you, and make your name great; and you shall be a blessing: 3 And I will bless them that bless you, and curse him that curses you: and in you shall all families of the earth be blessed. 4 So Abram departed, as the LORD had spoken to him; and Lot went with him: and Abram was seventy and five years old when he departed out of Haran. 5 And Abram took Sarai his wife, and Lot his brother's son, and all their substance that they had gathered, and the souls that they had gotten in Haran; and they went forth to go into the land of Canaan; and into the land of Canaan they came. 6 And Abram passed through the land to the place of Sichem, to the plain of Moreh. And the Canaanite was then in the land. 7 And the LORD appeared to Abram, and said, To your seed will I give this land: and there built he an altar to the LORD, who appeared to him. 8 And he removed from there to a mountain on the east of Bethel, and pitched his tent, having Bethel on the west, and Hai on the east: and there he built an altar to the LORD, and called on the name of the LORD. 9 And Abram journeyed, going on still toward the south. 10 And there was a famine in the land: and Abram went down into Egypt to sojourn there; for the famine was grievous in the land." (Genesis 12:1-10 American King James) 

1996 Abram was born in Ur of Chaldee

1921 God's promise to Abram in Canaan; Abram continued on to Egypt due to famine

1919 Abram returned to Hebron in Canaan

1918 Abram and Lot separated due to abundance of flocks

1916 Lot dwelt in Sodom

1913 Abram rescued Lot and received blessing of Melchizedek

1910 Ishmael was born when Abram was 86 years old

1896 Isaac was born when Abraham was 100 years old; his new name given one year prior

1891 Ishmael mocked Isaac when Isaac was weaned, beginning 400 years of persecution

1821 Abraham died

Abram left Egypt with lots of stuff, including Egyptian servants. (God promised Abram's seed would also leave Egypt with lots of stuff.)  Abram got Haggai, Sarai's Egyptian servant, pregnant; thus Ishmael is half Hebrew and half Egyptian.  Isaac was fully Hebrew.  Ishmael "mocking" Isaac was the first time an Egyptian mocked/afflicted a Hebrew.

afflicted is #6031 in Strongs: anah in Hebrew: A primitive root (possibly rather identical with H6030 through the idea of looking down or browbeating); to depress literally or figuratively, transitively or intransitively (in various applications). (sing is by mistake for H6030.): - abase self, afflict (-ion, self), answer [by mistake for H6030], chasten self, deal hardly with, defile, exercise, force, gentleness, humble (self), hurt, ravish, sing [by mistake for H6030], speak [by mistake for H6030], submit self, weaken, X in any wise.

"13 And he said to Abram, Know of a surety that your seed shall be a stranger in a land that is not theirs, and shall serve them; and they shall afflict them four hundred years; 14 And also that nation, whom they shall serve, will I judge: and afterward shall they come out with great substance. 15 And you shall go to your fathers in peace; you shall be buried in a good old age. 16 But in the fourth generation they shall come here again: for the iniquity of the Amorites is not yet full." (Genesis 15:13-16) 

"16 Now to Abraham and his seed were the promises made. He said not, And to seeds, as of many; but as of one, And to your seed, which is Christ. 17 And this I say, that the covenant, that was confirmed before of God in Christ, the law, which was four hundred and thirty years after, cannot cancel, that it should make the promise of none effect." (Galatians 3:16-17) 

 

This graphic is how I resolved the Scriptures cited above.

YHWH/YHVH in ancient Hebrew glyphs reveals Jesus' crucifixion

YHWH is known as the Tetragrammaton for the NAME of Creator God in the Old Testament and presages His incarnation and crucifixion.  A picture of an arm with a hand (yad) represents the sound /y/ in yod.  A picture of a person with elbows at right angles and hands raised to either side of his head and his legs bent beneath him represents /h/ in heh (behold, lo).  A picture of a tent peg or nail represents /w/ in waw (to add, and); later /v/ in vav.  Hebrew is written and read right to left.

I took Jeff Brenner’s Ancient Hebrew course at Udemy.com.  He noticed the NAME YHWH includes a “nail” and a “hand” with “behold”/”look” representing Christ’s crucifixion.  I noticed the heh glyph looks like a crucified man raising himself up with bent elbows to exhale (making the /heh/ sound;  crucified exhale) before allowing his body weight to straighten his arms to inhale.  The heh glyph does not include the feet.  Jesus’ feet were most likely placed on either side of the post with a nail driven through the heels of each. (See article.)

To the Hebrews, the hand includes the wrist.  When washing their “hands” they would have someone else pour water over their upright hands (thus also washing their forearms), much like a doctor washes his hands before surgery.  Jesus Christ was crucified with nails between the two bones (radius and ulna) in His wrists.  If hands had nails driven through the palms, the crucified person’s body-weight would cause the flesh of their palms to rip.

Jesus was crucified on a T-shaped cross of two pieces of wood.  The upper horizontal portion was the part which the criminal carried to the crucifixion site.  The upper portion was called the patibulum in Latin (the language of the Romans).  Patibulum is derived from the verb patere meaning “to be open” as the patibulum was the horizontal piece of wood which barred the gate and had to be removed to open the gate.  The patibulum was typically 5-6 feet long weighing 100-125 pounds. Jesus often told His disciples they needed to pick up their “cross” (Matthew 16:24; Mark 10:21; and Luke 9:23) which is stauros in Greek, meaning wooden stake or post from the root stao meaning tree or stump.  This lower vertical portion of the cross is stipes in Latin, meaning trunk, stake, or pale (as to “impale” upon); and ranged from 6-8 feet tall with the taller ones often reserved for festivals.  For prolonged torture a seat (sedile in Latin) of wood was attached to the stipes.  Christ’s crucifixion needed to be quick, so His cross was short, and did not have a seat or a foot rest.  In the 2016 movie Risen, a unique pin & hinge system is used for the stipes (Risen trailer view seconds 21-26).  This would remove the stipes from view of the Temple courtyard during their holy days; if indeed, the “place of the skull (kranion)” was northeast of the Temple and the sheep gate (golgotha).

I am Aleph and Tav, the beginning and the end, the first and the last.  Blessed are they that do His commandments, that they may have right to the tree of life, and may enter in through the gates into the city.  (Revelation 22:13-14) 

The Titulus (Title of name and crime)

In Hebrew tav means “seal” and “sign” and “to covenant”, and is represented by a lower-case ‘t’ letter.  A wooden plaque with the criminal’s name and crime was called a titulus and was carried by a soldier ahead of the criminal, and then secured to the top of the cross.  If the titulus was secured so that most of it was above the patibulum, the whole cross shape would appear to be a lower-case ‘t’ letter.  

And Pilate wrote a title, and put it on the cross. And the writing was JESUS OF NAZARETH THE KING OF THE JEWS. This title then read many of the Jews: for the place where Jesus was crucified was near to the city: and it was written in Hebrew, and Greek, and Latin. Then said the chief priests of the Jews to Pilate, Write not, The King of the Jews; but that he said, I am King of the Jews. Pilate answered, What I have written I have written. (John 19:19-22)

In a detail from Diego Velázquez's "Cristo crucificado", circa 1632, the entire text would appear below.

But since the entire text would consume time and materials, acronyms were used instead. The acronym for the Latin text was INRI.  The Anglecized version of the Hebrew text was "Yeshua, haNazerei Vemelekh haYhudim" ('ha' is used as 'the'), so the acronym was YHVH, God's personal Name.  This is why the chief priests wanted the sign changed.  It was clear to any Jew who looked that God's Name (hand, behold, nail, behold) was culminated in this moment.  Yeshua was their promised Messiah, the suffering servant prophesied by Isaiah (52-53) who was taking their sins and diseases upon Himself so that they may be saved and made whole. Jesus had said, "I and the Father are One," (John 10:30) and now it was very clear.

And I will pour on the house of David, and on the inhabitants of Jerusalem, the spirit of grace and of supplications: and they shall look on me whom they have pierced, and they shall mourn for him, as one mourns for his only son, and shall be in bitterness for him, as one that is in bitterness for his firstborn. (Zechariah 12:10)

To some Jewish scholars the Tetragrammaton represents the Hebrew phrase “Hayah hoveh yi’yeh” which translated means “He was, He is, He will be”.  This seems similar to Hebrews 13:8 “Jesus Christ the same yesterday, and today, and forever.”

Genesis Solves Sumerian King List

By God's grace I have resolved the numeric reigns of the Sumerian King List so that they equal their subtotals, determined which dynasties were concurrent with each other, and synchronized them to the Bible's chronology.  The book is titled, Genesis Solves Sumerian King List, and it is available at Amazon  (I also uploaded it to IngramSpark, but Amazon is quicker and less expensive.)  I have updated my interactive timeline with the new regnal dates. For those interested in Bible chronology and archaeology, a synopsis of the book follows.

Genesis Solves Sumerian King List, provides regnal dates connecting Ham's son Cush (Gishur) through Hammurabi.  The application of Biblical markers of time, temperature, and tyranny clarify abrupt changes in site stratigraphy.  Noah and his family descended from Mt. Ararat in 2347 BC and planted grains and a vineyard, raised “clean” animals, built homes, produced red-black burnished ware, and made tools and created arsenical bronze according to the surrounding sites.  Their children lived an average of 445 years.  In 2247 BC Peleg was born, and God established the four couples as leaders of river nations in the “four quarters of the earth”: Noah (China), Japheth (India), Shem (Mesopotamia), and Ham (Africa) prior to the snow blitz of the Ice Age described by Job.  The homes were built closer together and had high or roof entrances during this time of snow drifts. Ur shows a drop in sea level followed by a rise above sea level as glaciers melted. 

Though Cush fathered a nation (Ethiopia) in Africa, he returned to rule the cities he built in Sumer/Shinar: Ur, Kish, and Uruk/Erech.  Cush of Ur became known as CushUr (Gishur in Sumerian King List) and had a son named Nimrod (Enmerkar).  Cush was not adept at making pottery, but his might could make people submit to him (the Ubaid expansion), and his son Nimrod was an even worse tyrant (the Uruk expansion).  Nimrod thought a fortified city (Babel) and a massive ziggurat could protect him and his people from being moved again.  This time God not only scattered the people (Early Bronze Age abandonment), but He also created about seventy base languages.  The original language was Akkadian (a form of ancient Hebrew) which was written using cuneiform; Nimrod’s was dubbed “Sumerian.”  458 years later, Nimrod's Babel became Hammurabi's Babylon .

Egyptian Chronology in Sync with the Bible

Using Ussher's chronology of the Bible, I have compiled an Egyptian chronology using based on the belief that several dynasties ruled in different regions simultaneously as depicted on Karnak Kings List of Thutmose III. My chronology is in a .pdf at www.pharaohsofthebible.org. My 472 page book, "Pharaohs of the Bible (Mizraim to Shishak)" substantiates my chronology as the pharaohs are interwoven with the lives of the patriarchs.

Exodus in Historical Context

Joseph and Moses both lived and served under more than one pharaoh. I used Ussher's dates for Joseph and Moses, and have compacted Egyptian dynasties during the FIP and SIP to arrive at the dates for the Egyptian pharaohs based upon the famines described in the Bible and other clues. Thirty minute video displays the many clues.

JOSEPH

1745 Joseph born in Canaan during reign of Tao II in Egypt
1728 Joseph entered Egypt as a slave during the reign of Ahmose I
1715 Joseph made grand vizier by Ahmose I; first of seven years of plenty began
1712 Amenhotep I (under his mom, Ahmose-Nefetari) began to reign Egypt
1688 Amenhotep I died soon after Joseph returned from burying his father Jacob
1688-1674 Thutmose I
1674-1672 Thutmose II and Hatshepsut
1672-1651 Hatshepsut with Thutmose III
1651-1618 Thutmose III

1635 Joseph died during the reign of Thutmose III

1622-1596 Amenhotep II (4 year co-reign)
1596-1588 Thutmose IV
1588-1550 Amenhotep III who “knew not Joseph"

MOSES

1588-1550 Amenhotep III, whose “daughter . . . called his name Moses”
1551-1534 Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten was influenced by Hebrew monotheism
1534-1531 Smenkhkare (Nefertiti retained royal status)
1531-1530 Nefertiti/Neferneferuaten
1534-1524 Tutankhamun (usurped 3 years; first attested in 4th year)
1524-1520 Ay
1520-1493 Horemheb
1493-1491 Rameses I, pharaoh of ten plagues and exodus
1491-1480 Seti I, campaign to Beth Shean in first year, but no Hebrews there
1480-1414 Rameses II Moses died in 1451 on Mt. Nebo